How to Make Hologram

Simple Holography

The Easiest Way to Make Holograms

By T. H. Jeong, Raymond Ro, Riley Aumiller (Lake Forest College)

and Misashi Iwasaki (Kyoto Institute of Technology)

with contributions from Jeff Blythe (University of Cambridge)

Edited by Alec Jeong

Copyright © 1996-2009

1. INTRODUCTION

"Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler” - Albert Einstein

We attempt to follow this dictum so you can make holograms easily. The procedures we propose herein are as simple as it is physically possible. In the process, we make holography not only as simple as possible, but safer, less expensive, and more accessible to young people.

Most of the essential items described in this article can be found in Integraf's holography kits or are available separately. The kits provide materials for you to make many kinds of holograms, including reflection holograms and transmission holograms.

2. THE LASER

The figure below shows a Class IIIa diode laser with an output of 3 to 4 mW when operated by 3.0 v dc. If the power is supplied by batteries, its red light of wavelength 650 nm achieves a coherence length exceeding 1 m after a warm-up period of a few minutes. The traditional helium-neon laser, on the other hand, operates on dangerously high voltages, is prone to breakage, has a shorter shelf life, and a coherence length of approximately 30 cm.

Unlike many laser diodes and laser pointers, the laser shown below and in our catalog has a stabilized frequency output (a must for holography), good coherence length (also a must), and a removable collimating lens. With the spring-loaded collimating lens mounted on the laser, the output beam can be adjusted to focus at any arbitrary distance.



Laser



To make holograms, we'll actually take off the collimating lens. . . shining this pure beam right on to the holographic plate and object.







To make holograms, we'll actually take off the collimating lens. Without the lens, the direct output from the laser spreads out with a highly eccentric elliptical profile. Since the beam encounters no external optical elements, the light has no mottled patterns caused by interference and diffractions, and appears perfectly clean. In other words, we'll be shining this pure beam right on to the holographic plate and object.

The responsible parent or teacher is advised to remove the lens and the small tension spring before allowing the student to use the laser. This way, the power density received by human eyes will not exceed that received when looking at an ordinary grocery store laser scanner. When the laser is not in use, replace the collimating lens (with or without the tension spring). This helps ensure that you won't lose the lens and, more importantly, will help keep dust out of the laser.

If you are using your own "laser pointer" for making holograms, know many laser pointers and diodes do not have frequency stabilizing circuits (like the one above), which is required for holography. Moreover, since most laser pointers do not have a removable collimating lens, you must buy a special optical lens to spread the beam. With two lenses (four lens surfaces) through which the laser beam must shine, there may be many objectionable patterns on the resulting beam due to the four lens surfaces and the dirt on them.

3. STABLE SUPPORT FOR LASER

An excellent support for such a small laser is a wooden clothespin, as shown below. For mechanical stability and maneuverability, the clothespin holding the laser is stuck into a cup of sand, salt, or sugar (not pepper!). On the other hand, for schools with available laboratory hardware, the clothespin can be glued to a rod and mounted on a lab stand with a right-angle clamp.

Wooden Clothespin

The wooden clothespin offers another advantage. It being a thermal insulator, the laser will reach thermal, electrical, and frequency stability a few minutes after it is turned on, assuming batteries are used as its power source. An alternative support would be a rubber-tipped thermometer holder.
 
 
 
 
 
4. REFLECTION HOLOGRAM BY “CONTACT COPY” METHOD
 
The “white light reflection hologram” is the simplest to make. We advocate the “contact copy” method, whereby you lean the holographic plate (holoplate) directly against the object during exposure. As long as there is no relative movement between the object and the plate, no vibration isolation is needed.
 
4.1 Supplies
 
You will need the diode laser discussed above, a supply of Slavich PFG-03M 2.5 x 2.5 inch plates (63mm x 63mm), and a JD-4 processing kit (or PFG-01 plates with JD-2). All of these items are included in the HOLOKITTM Holography Kits that can be purchased from Integraf's catalog, and will make both reflection and transmission holograms. Detailed instructions accompany the the kit.
 
Though slightly trickier, one can also use PFG-01 holographic film sheets sandwiched and clipped between two glass plates instead of using holographic plates. Develop with JD-2. For the instructions below, substitute the properly sandwiched film sheet for the holographic glass plates. See our article on how to use holographic film sheets for important details.
 
4.2 Preparing The Object
 
The choice and preparation of the object is crucial: (1) it should be made of a solid material such as a quarter or dime (no furry or fabrics); (2) it must appear bright when illuminated with the red laser light; and (3) it must not move or deform.

If it's your first time making a hologram, try to avoid choosing objects that are fabric or fury (e.g. teddy bears) because these objects deform easily. Also avoid large plastic objects as they tend to expand and contract with the slightest change in temperature (even from the heat of your fingers!). For best results, try metal or porcelain objects that can be easily illuminated with laser light and are no larger than the size of the holoplate, such as coins.

If there is any doubt about potential movement, you could glue the object to a stable wood or metal platform where the hologram will be made. The picture below shows a more elaborate, but optional, way of mounting the object. The object is glued to a small platform and held from behind by a metal block to prevent the object from leaning back. The platform has three round-headed screws from the bottom for three-point support. The upper parts of two of the screws can be used as stops when the holographic plate is placed in front of the object for exposure, preventing any slippage.



Wood Stock

Holography Tip

If your object or holographic film plate moves even 1/1000th of an inch during exposure, your hologram will not likely turn out. So avoid talking, music, noise, walking around, air currents, creaky floors, soft objects, temperature changes to the object . . . . What other things can you think of that might cause tiny movements or vibration?



Another way to dampen movement or vibration is by placing the object on a computer mousepad, or even better, a tray of sand, salt, sugar (or even kitty litter).

Prepare the chemical processing solutions and layout the processing trays as directed by the instructions that accompany the JD-4 (or JD-2) kits. Although our chemicals solutions are termed non-volatile, chemicals evaporate over time and may cause nose and throat irritations. Use the chemicals in a ventilated area.

It is not necessary to have a completely dark room. However, the room should be sufficiently dark so that one cannot read in it. Use a standard night-light if necessary so that you can move about safely. Block any direct light from reaching the holography system.

4.3. Making a Reflection Hologram

Carefully follow these steps to align and expose the hologram to the laser:

Basic Setup



1. Adjust the laser in its holder so that the beam spreads out horizontally.
2. Place the object at a distance of 35 to 40 cm from the laser.
3. Place a white card behind the object and adjust the laser while looking at the shadow on the card. Adjust the position of the laser until the object is optimally illuminated. Then remove the white card.
4. Place an opaque cardboard near the laser to block the light from reaching the object. This will serve like the shutter of a camera.
5. Remove a holographic plate from its container (in the darkest part of the room), and close the container.
6. Lean the holographic plate on the object, making certain it will not slip or move; the emulsion (sticky side) should touch the object.
7. Allow 10 seconds for the object to settle, and tell everyone in the room to hold still.
8. Now, lift the “shutter” slightly off the table while still blocking the laser light, and wait 2 seconds for the vibration to subside.
9. Then, lift the shutter all the way up to expose the holographic plate and object for 10 seconds (5 seconds minimum, longer is OK up to 40 seconds). Then, block the light again.
10. Finally, process the exposed holographic plate according to instructions that accompany the JD-4 (or JD-2 if you are using PFG-01 plates or film sheets).
11. Optionally, place your holographic plate in a solution of Photoflo for 20 to 30 seconds. Photoflo is a wetting agent that helps holograms turn out cleaner and clearer. It reduces streaks and promotes more uniform and quicker drying. While PhotoFlo is not required to make a hologram, it does help them look better.

After the hologram is thoroughly dried, it can be viewed with a point source of incandescent light such as that from a projector, flashlight, or the sun. You cannot use diffused light sources such as frosted bulbs and florescent lamps. For best results, spray paint the emulsion (sticky) side with a diffuse black paint. This protects the emulsion and provides a dark background to enhance the visibility of the image.

5. MAKING A PANORAMIC TRANSMISSION HOLOGRAM

Transmission holograms offer many advantages over reflection holograms. For example: (1) the object or scene can be much bigger than the holographic plate; (2) when illuminated with the diode laser, the entire virtual image is sharp; (3) the real image can be projected onto a screen using a laser pointer; (4) it is more tolerant of vibration during recording, so that film, instead of the more expensive plates, can be used; and (5) two or more “channels” of independent images can be recorded on the same plate or film. For example, after the first exposure, turn the plate or film upside down and exposure again with a different object. Each exposure should be one-half the duration of one full exposure.

The figure below shows a “sandbox” system set up for recording a panoramic transmission hologram on a strip of film with approximate dimensions of 4"x5" (102mm x 127mm). The film is Slavich PFG-01 (which must be processed with JD-2 or JD-3) and can be cut (in a darkened room, of course)into any smaller sizes using scissors or paper cutter. One can also use a holographic plate. PFG-01 and PFG-03M both make great holograms, but PFG-01 is especially good for transmission holograms.

The film is clamped between two larger glass plates and stuck into the sand. One side of the spreading beam serves as reference beam and the rest illuminates the object(s). Since air is trapped inside the glass plates and escapes slowly, the film sandwich will have movement over several minutes. It is advisable to squeeze out the air by pressing the sandwich between two flat surfaces. Alternatively, just place the sandwich in position and wait 5 to 10 minutes before exposure. Cover the film and keep any stray light from fogging it during this time.

The exposure time is approximately 30 to 60 second (PFG-01). The processing procedure for the film, using JD-2 or JD-3, in accordance with instructions that accompany the kits.

For more details on making transmission holograms, see our article "How to Make Transmission Holograms".



Lab Setup

6. CONCLUSION

We have presented the simplest and least expensive method of making holograms. This type of project can be taught as art, craft, or science and technology in the elementary schools, before students have decided on their future occupation. Once interested, students will be induced to learn all the fundamental principles of optics and photonics: reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, polarization, coherence, and scattering.

7. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

USE OF THE WHITE CARDBOARD

The white cardboard placed behind the object is for observing the silhouette to ensure that the object is illuminated as evenly as possible. Assuming that this cardboard is opaque, you can use it as the “shutter” by moving it to a position between the laser and the object (see step 4 in Section 4.3).

LASER PREPARATION

Make sure the laser has been warmed up for at least 5 minutes before any holograms are exposed. Minimize any disturbance to the laser (do not touch it or even allow moving air to cross it) which may cause the outputs to become unstable.

HOW TO OBSERVE THE IMAGE IN THE FINISHED HOLOGRAMS

To view your hologram, you need to make sure you're using the correct light source from the appropriate angle. See our article "How to View Your First Hologram" for details.

SETTING UP A SIMPLE LAB IN A CLASSROOM

When setting up your lab in a classroom for multiple students, you may want into account some of the practical considerations such as how you set up your "assembly line" for students to expose and develop their holograms. See our article "Teaching Holography in Classrooms" for details.

Source: http://www.holokits.com/a-simple_holography.htm